Despite the entry into force of the EU Directive there is a dearth of research and awareness about this type of exploitation with very few cases reported in of cial statistics and many victims misidenti ed as offenders. This report aims to go some way to address this and provide a baseline assessment of the issue, exploring the situation in the project partner countries (Ireland, the UK, the Czech Republic, and the Netherlands) and provide an overview of the rest of Europe. The ndings show that the issue is more widespread than previously reported, with victims being exploited through a variety of criminal activities.