For Full Report: http://kenya.iom.int/sites/default/files/Human_Trafficking_in_Eastern_Africa.pdf
Executive Summary
Trafficking in persons has been a reported problem in Eastern Africa for several years, but at the.time.we.began.our.research,.few.primary.research.studies.that.systematically.investigate. and.describe.the.phenomenon.had.been.published..IOM’s.research.efforts.have.focused.on. investigating the factors that may be facilitating human trafficking in Eastern Africa; developing profiles of both traffickers and their victims, exploring the activities, means and purposes of trafficking in the region; and the health conditions of trafficked people in Eastern Africa.
A.review.of.existing.literature.indicates.that.individual.characteristics.such.as.gender,.socioeconomic.status,.education,.employment,.and.personal.aspirations.may.be.related.to.an.individual’s likelihood of being trafficked. Family factors such as family size, death of one or both.parents,.and.divorce.are.considered.to.be.potentially.relevant.factors,.as.are.community. characteristics.such.as.access.to.services,.employment,.or.education.and.training.opportunities. The demand for trafficked labour has been documented in Eastern Africa in the following sectors.and.industries:.agriculture,.mining,.services,.domestic.work,.and.prostitution..People. have also reportedly been trafficked for military service, forced marriage, and ritual purposes. That Eastern Africa is affected by both internal and international trafficking is also mentioned in a number of reports, but the understanding of effects of trafficking on individuals and their communities.in.Eastern.Africa.is.limited..
A number of factors that may have a broad impact on trafficking were examined. These included.migration,.labour.forces.such.as.levels.of.income.and.employment,.aspirations.to. certain livelihoods, conflict, governance and law enforcement, and gender roles and genderbased.violence..Internal.and.regional.migration.is.common.and.entrenched.in.the.region… While.the.majority.of.surveyed.respondents.reported.that.labour.migration.is.common.in.their. home areas, in Tanzania this was more true for trafficked than non-trafficked respondents. This indicates an association either between being trafficked and coming from an area where labour migration is common or between being trafficked and perceiving labour migration to be.a.common.practice.in.one’s.home.area,.though.it.was.less.true.in.Kenya..With.regards. to.source.communities,.we.found.that.in.Uganda,.those.who.came.from.source.areas.were. more likely to be unemployed, confirming our hypothesis that these communities may have on average higher rates of unemployment. In Tanzania, however, lower income levels in home areas, rather than lower levels of employment, were found to be associated with trafficking, confirming our hypothesis that source communities may have lower income levels, pushing trafficking victims out. In destination areas, we found that in Kenya, those from destination areas.were.more.likely.to.be.unemployed.than.those.from.non-destination.areas,.contrary.to. our expectations. In Tanzania we found that those from destination areas were more likely to have a higher income, confirming our hypothesis that destination communities may have on average higher income levels, pulling trafficking victims in. Traffickers were also found to exploit.their.victims’.aspirations.to.certain.types.of.employment.during.the.recruitment.process.. Conflict, insufficient government policies, legislation, programmes, and law enforcement may also be contributing to an environment in which traffickers act with impunity while attitudes and values regarding women and children may contribute to their vulnerability to being trafficked. People’s perceptions of trafficking in each country were also investigated. In Kenya 83 percent of survey respondents agreed that people in their area know what human trafficking is. In Tanzania this fell to 56 per cent, in Uganda to 34 per cent, and in Burundi to 12 per cent (these findings apply only to our samples, not to the general populations of those countries). However, most respondents in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania agreed that human trafficking is occurring.in.their.region..A.minority.of.respondents.in.each.country.also.reported.having.heard. or seen things related to trafficking in human organs.
The.impact.of.a.number.of.individual,.family,.and.community.characteristics.on.one’s.likelihood of being trafficked was likewise examined. There was no statistically significant association between either age or gender and the likelihood of being trafficked found in any of our samples. In Kenya, residing outside one’s country of birth or citizenship was associated with being trafficked, but there was insufficient variation in our Uganda and Tanzania samples to perform similar analysis. A higher percentage of trafficked girls and women in our Tanzania sample.had.lower.levels.of.education.while.a.lower.percentage.had.higher.levels.of.education,. but.the.same.association.was.not.found.for.men.and.boys.nor.for.the.Kenya.or.Uganda. sample. In Kenya and Tanzania, trafficked respondents were more likely to come from a family that practices fostering. Overall, and particularly in Kenya and Tanzania, death of either the father or mother was found to increase one’s likelihood of being trafficked, as was death of both.parents.in.the.same.two.samples.. . Most trafficked respondents reported having met their trafficker on their own, or through introductions.by.family.members.and.friends.
Almost all victims surveyed stated that their traffickers lured them by making promises, but very.few.said.they.were.threatened.or.forced..The.most.frequently.made.promises.were.of.jobs. and.good.salaries,.followed.by.education,.and.the.most.commonly.promised.jobs.were.jobs.in. hospitality,.the.service.sector.industry,.or.domestic.work,.although.23.per.cent.of.the.Uganda. sample reported being lured with promises of food and shelter. A majority of trafficked persons did.get.the.type.of.job.they.were.promised,.suggesting.that.it.is.the.conditions.of.work,.rather. than.the.type.of.work,.that.those.in.our.sample.were.most.commonly.deceived.about..A.large. majority of trafficked respondents reported that their transport was arranged for them, with most.reporting.that.they.were.transported.by.public.means..Of.those.who.did.not.get.the.jobs. promised,.many.ended.up.with.domestic.work,.prostitution,.street.work,.and.informal/illegal. work..With.the.exception.of.Burundi,.a.large.majority.of.victims.did.not.receive.the.salary.they. were promised. In Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania a sizeable minority were not allowed to keep their earnings. In all four of our samples, a majority of trafficked persons reported having their.freedom.of.movement.and.freedom.of.choice.restricted.at.some.point.and.in.some.way. during the trafficking process. A majority also reported having worked an excessive amount of hours per day. In the Kenya and Tanzania samples, slightly more than half reported having been forced into activities against their will. Many trafficked respondents said they were forced into.prostitution.and.domestic.work.against.their.will..A.number.of.Kenyan.and.Ugandan.respondents reported having been forced to have sex (not necessarily transactional sex), while a number of Tanzanian respondents reported having been forced to do informal/illegal activities..Threats.were.the.most.common.type.of.force.used.and.the.use.of.physical.violence.was. reported by a minority of victims in the Kenya, Tanzanian, and Uganda samples.
Information about traffickers was gathered from a variety of sources. These included the survey respondents who had been trafficked and had answered questions about their traffickers, interviews with actual traffickers, and interviews with persons close to them. Victims identified family members, friends, people living in their area, employers, and employment agencies as their traffickers, and that both men and women were found to be involved in trafficking, although male traffickers tend to work together with other men, and female traffickers with.other.women,.rather.than.in.mixed.groups..The.average.number.of.persons.involved.in. a trafficking incident, to their victims’ knowledge, was two. Victims of trafficking suffered from a.variety.of.mental.and.physical.ailments,.although.we.were.unable.to.establish.if.these.were. linked to their trafficking experience. When asked about their current circumstances, more of the trafficked than the non-trafficked were not working at the time of interview in Kenya sample and, to a lesser extent, the Tanzania sample. No significant differences were found between trafficked and non-trafficked respondents in either Kenya and Tanzania with regards to their current income levels, although trafficked persons in Uganda were more likely to report higher levels of income than were the non-trafficked respondents. In general, very few trafficked persons.were.enrolled.in.rehabilitative.programmes..