Child labour

Based on 16 cases studies covering 15 countries in Africa, Asia, Central Asia, Europe and Latin America, the report shows that deficits in working conditions are found in every sector and in relation to every substantive element covered by the framework of the ILO’s Decent Work Indicators.

It reveals that child and forced labour as well as debt bondage remain a reality for many worldwide.

Up to 95 per cent of children engaged in hazardous work are employed in agriculture, notably in the cocoa, palm oil and tobacco sectors.

And force labour is linked to the many ways workers are dependent on employers.

“Many of these workers are young and left school at an early age with little or no skills training. The transition from education to gainful employment is difficult, if not impossible, for many young people in rural areas,” Maria Helena André, ILO Director for the ACTRAV Bureau, said in the report’s foreword.

Working poor

About 80 percent of the world’s poor live in rural areas, many of whom face severe decent-work deficits, including inadequate safety, low pay, lack of stability and security, and excessive working hours – with women and young workers hit the hardest.

And women are disproportionately represented in the most precarious positions; having to accept low-paying, low skilled jobs, suffer huge gender pay gaps, and more prone to workplace harassment and abuse compared to male workers, the report reveals.

The report also describes chemical exposure as posing serious health and other risks to agricultural workers, particularly to children and pregnant and lactating women.

“Most rural workers operate in the informal economy, which includes a large proportion of women working as unpaid care workers who have no access to maternity leave and other essential protections,” explained the ILO official.

Finding solutions

“Workers in rural areas have many aspirations,” she said, adding however, that realizing them is “a tremendous challenge”.

To address these work deficits, the ACTRAV report makes a number of recommendations, including the strengthening of labour administration in rural economies as well as formalizing informal enterprises and employment arrangements.

It also calls for improving the presence and capacity in rural economies of trades unions and other grassroots workers’ organizations and the ratification of and adherence to relevant ILO Conventions and other International Labour Standards

Decent work advocates for integrating rural economic sectors into formal and institutionalized social dialogue, in addition to strengthening crisis preparedness and social protection in the rural economy.

Finally, it stresses the need for more research and policy analysis to better understand and respond to the needs and expectations of rural workers.

“The economic, development, trade and investment, employment and social protection policies of countries must become more ambitious, as must their frameworks for a just transition to a greener economy and their labour market information systems,” underscored Ms. André.